General Information

The COVID-19 vaccines approved and available include:

• The 2024–2025 mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: These are the updated mRNA vaccines for this season. This includes the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine for patients ages 12 and older, and the Moderna vaccine for patients under age 12. 
• The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine (2024–2025 formula): This vaccine is authorized for emergency use. It is not available at UCLA Health clinics.

The original two-dose series of the monovalent vaccine is no longer recommended for people in the United States. A single updated shot is now the recommended protection.

Find more information about staying up to date on the COVID-19 vaccine from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

This year, there are three COVID-19 vaccines available: mRNA vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer, and a protein-based vaccine from Novavax.

The Moderna and Pfizer vaccines target the KP.2 variant, which has been spreading throughout 2024. The Novavax vaccine targets the JN.1 variant, which was common earlier in the year and is related to KP.2.

All these updated vaccines are designed to protect against the different COVID-19 variants and should be effective in reducing the risk of severe illness or hospitalization.

All three vaccines are given as an injection into the muscle. The single shot of the updated vaccine is recommended regardless of whether someone has previously completed the primary two-dose series.

The CDC recommends that those who are immunocompromised get two or three doses of the same brand of updated COVID-19 vaccine.

SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes COVID-19. The vaccines increase the body’s immune response by making antibodies. These antibodies block the SARS-CoV-2 virus from injecting itself into human cells, thereby preventing it from reproducing and making you sick.

There are several SARS-CoV-2 variants that scientists are actively tracking, some of which have caused increased transmissibility and increased disease severity. In some cases, antibodies developed from previous infection or vaccination are less able to neutralize these variants and prevent infection.

The Moderna and Pfizer vaccines target the KP.2 variant, which has been spreading throughout 2024. The Novavax vaccine targets the JN.1 variant, which was common earlier in the year and is related to KP.2.

All these updated vaccines are designed to protect against the different COVID-19 variants and should be effective in reducing the risk of severe illness or hospitalization. This aligns with available data and advice from the FDA's expert advisers.

No. You cannot become infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, from any of the vaccines.

The ingredients for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine and the Novavax COVID-19, adjuvanted vaccine are listed on the FDA website. None of the vaccines contain the live virus that causes COVID-19, eggs, preservatives or mercury.

The Pfizer and Moderna vaccines use the same mRNA technology, but contain different ingredients to protect the mRNA, maintain the pH, and stabilize the solution. The ingredients include:

• Messenger RNA (mRNA) – the active ingredient that causes your body to produce antibodies
• Lipids – these create the fatty shell that protects the mRNA as it is stored, administered and delivered to cells
• Salts, sugar and other compounds – to maintain the proper pH balance and stabilize the vaccine

The Novavax COVID-19, adjuvanted vaccine is a protein subunit vaccine. It contains pieces (proteins) of the virus that causes COVID-19 and another ingredient called an adjuvant. These components teach your immune system how to recognize and respond quickly if infected with the actual virus spike protein. The ingredients include:

• Protein – the SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein that creates an immune response to help protect your body from getting infected with COVID-19 in the future
• Lipids - cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine, which help the spike protein enter cells
• Adjuvant – helps activate the cells in the immune system
• Salts, sugars and acids – to maintain the proper pH balance and stabilize the vaccine

While no longer approved for use or distributed in the United States, the Johnson & Johnson vaccine used what’s known as “viral vector” technology. This means a harmless cold virus, adenovirus 26 (Ad26), was engineered to contain the gene for the SARS-CoV-2 “spike” protein. It also contained salts, sugar and buffers to maintain the pH and stabilize the solution. The ingredients included:

• Recombinant, replication-incompetent adenovirus type 26 expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein - the active ingredient that causes your body to produce antibodies
• Salts, sugar and other compounds - to maintain the pH balance and stabilize the vaccine. Full ingredient list: Citric acid monohydrate, trisodium citrate dihydrate, ethanol, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HBCD), polysorbate-80, sodium chloride.

COVID-19 has killed more than one million people in the United States. This is significantly more deaths than other viruses that we routinely vaccinate against, such as influenza, which typically causes 12,000 to 52,000 deaths in the U.S. per year, according to the CDC.

In addition to the high death toll, COVID-19 can also cause other long-term complications. The COVID-19 vaccine saves lives and decreases the likelihood of long term COVID-related problems involving the brain, heart and lungs.

COVID-19 infections, hospitalizations and death rates are disproportionately higher in lower-income communities and communities of color. Vaccines are needed to stop the virus and prevent COVID-19’s devastating health, social and financial effects on lower-income communities of color.

It depends on the setting. Now that the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines have full FDA approval, it’s easier for schools, employers, and the military to mandate COVID-19 vaccination for students and employees. Check with your employer or school for more information.

Even in settings where the COVID-19 vaccine is not mandated, it is highly encouraged that anyone eligible receive the vaccine, as it is the best way to protect yourself and those around you.

The CDC now recommends annual vaccination against COVID-19, regardless of how many shots or boosters an individual has had previously.

It takes about two weeks after getting the COVID-19 vaccine to be fully protected. With the upcoming cold and flu season, traveling and holiday gatherings, it's a smart idea to get the vaccine by mid-October. Those who are at higher risk of severe illness should get the vaccine as soon as it's available.